INTERACTIVE ONLINE PHYSICS LABS INCREASE HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS ’ INTEREST

Here we describe the incorporation of a web-based application focusing on circuits for the physics high school classroom as part of an outreach program. The program involves college mentors creating and implementing science lessons in collaboration with the classroom teacher. Focusing on the challenge of understanding circuit design, a technology rich module is employed to improve learning and motivation of the students. The students’ conceptual understanding as well as interest in circuits was increased, the college mentors earned valuable teaching and mentoring experience and the teacher enjoyed more oneon-one time as well as assistance with students.


Introduction
Physics students of all ages often struggle conceptually with circuitry (Chang, Liu & Chen, 1998;Liegeois, Chasseigne, Papin & Mullet, 2003;Kollöffel & de Jong, 2013).Despite being able to perform the calculations of rather advanced physics topics, many students still struggle with analyzing the simple circuit (Cohen, Eylon & Ganiel, 1982).Concept development is an evolutionary process that humans undergo; this paper focuses on a way to provide this conceptual development in an innovative way (Garnett & Treagust, 1992).The use of technology in the classroom can help students to better learn by improving their attitudes (Christensen, 1997).Furthermore, this allows for teachers to more efficiently instruct students on the topic at hand (Bitner & Bitner, 2002).
The incorporation of technologies especially relevant today as more technology is available to students at younger ages than ever before.By integrating technology, specifically interactive systems into the classroom, students are pushed to become more "self-motivated learners and researchers" (Chacko, Appelbaum, Kim, Zhao & Montclare, 2015).Those who are provided with access to interactive technology benefit from it by becoming more engaged with the material at hand, as discussed with the integration of apps and touch-screen technology in high school classrooms (Lewis, Zhao & Montclare, 2012;Kim, Chacko, Zhao & Montclare, 2014).
Technology modules introduce a new teaching method that not only benefit students but also expose teachers to "current research" and modern teaching styles (Chan, Hom & Montclare, 2011).Critical elements to the success of previous programs include "interactive experimentation and feedback-oriented design" (Chan et al., 2011;Lorenzini, Lewis & Montclare, 2011).
In addition, "of all of the sciences in the US, physics continues to have the lowest representation of women" with women only earning "21% of bachelor's degrees and 17% of PhDs in the field" (Ivie & Tesfaye, 2012).While women do have careers in STEM fields, many women choose to leave their respective careers in STEM based upon "a discontent with science" (Mavriplis et al., 2011).Some leave their field due to a "lack of mentor or guidance" or that "science and engineering are unfriendly to women" (Mavriplis et al., 2011).The objective of this paper is to study the integration of an interactive, technology-rich module and its ability to further motivate and stimulate the interest of girls in high school physics.
As part of our continued collaboration with the Urban Assembly Institute of Mathematics and Science for Young Women (UAI) (Chan et al., 2011;Lorenzini et al., 2011;Lewis et al., 2012;Kim et al., 2014), we worked to increase students' interest and performance in physics.The teacher of the class was experienced having taught middle school science for one year and high school Physics for 3 years.In addition, he served as a mentor for the UAI students taking General Engineering 1003, an introduction to engineering course at the University.Three college students were selected as fellows responsible for developing and implementing a technology-rich module for the class.One of the fellows was a senior obtaining a bachelor of science (BS) and master of science (MS) in Computer Science.Throughout high school, he started and led a tutoring organization that created opportunities for students to visit and tutor in middle schools as well as leading boyscout troops.The second undergraduate fellow was a junior obtaining a BS in Biomolecular Science; he had experience as a private tutor for high school students in the areas of chemistry, biology, and mathematics for 3 years.The third student was a sophomore obtaining a BS in Chemistry and a BS in Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering.As a College Reading and Learning Association (CRLA) certified tutor, she tutored in the fields of math and science.
She also organized the attendance and led coursework in computer programming courses for middle and high school students at a summer camp.
Approximately, 17 students in the high school physics class at UAI were randomly split into two groups: one control and one experimental group.The control group was compromised of 8 students, and the experimental group had a total of 9 students.All of the students were female, with 5.88% of the students of Middle Eastern descent, 11.76% Hispanic, and 82.35% African American.It is important to understand the diverse make up of the group so as to better understand how the electronic platform can help improve diversity in STEM.There is a "significant gap in mathematics and science scores between white students and those of black, Hispanic, and Native American students" in "Achievement test of precollege students" (Dix, 1987)."Under representation of these groups at the college level is the result both of their lower representation in higher education in general and of their distribution among fields" (Dix, 1987).
Improving the overall experience and interest for these groups of students is important for the outreach of STEM fields.

Design/methodology/approach
The online system used was called Every Circuit (www.everycircuit.com/app)(Figure 1).It enabled students to build circuits in a virtual setting.Students could build series or parallel circuits by adding resistors to the system at their choosing.Additional settings could be added, such as a -168-Journal of Technology and Science Education -http://dx.doi.org/10.3926/jotse.191light bulb to be lit by the current, serving as an indicator of current flow.In addition, it displayed the current, voltage, and resistance in numerical values to better conceptualize it.The online module enabled the students to virtually build and run circuits, as well as to observe how the current flowed through the circuit they built.The students used this system in an attempt to gain a conceptual understanding of both series and parallel circuits.A pre-quiz (Figure 2) was given to all of the students before they began to use the online module in order to test the knowledge of the students before providing help.The experimental group of students was then given step-by-step instructions on how to build a series circuit using the online module (Figure 3).These students were also provided questions to complete while building the circuit that focused on Ohm's Law.Then, the students were provided step-by-step instructions on how to build a parallel circuit using the online module (Figure 4).Another step-by-step handout was provided for designing the series circuits.The students in the control group were given almost identical packets to the experimental students; the control packets did not include instructions to the online module as they completed the entire lab on paper.Rather than being asked to build the respective circuits using the online module, they were provided pictures of the circuits in paper form.All students, regardless control or experimental, were asked identical questions and provided identical equation sheets (Figure 5).The students were then given a post-quiz (Figure 6) to determine how the system had helped them to better understand the topic of series circuits, -169-Journal of Technology and Science Education -http://dx.doi.org/10.3926/jotse.191parallel circuits, and Ohm's Law.The students were also asked to rank their experience using Every Circuit by filling out a survey (Figure 7).

Results
The pre-quiz was able to determine that both the experimental and control group had nearly identical knowledge base with scores of 70.37% and 70.83%, respectively (Figure 8).This was improved after using the online module when the experimental group outperformed the control group.The experimental group scored 70.37% overall while the control group demonstrated lower performance as demonstrated by the 66.67% score (Figure 9).The online module did, in fact, help the experimental group in drawing circuits.The experimental group scored 77.78% on the pre-quiz, however they then scored 88.89% on the post-quiz question concerning series circuit (Figure 10).The control group also showed improvement on the series question; they improved from a 75.00% to a 100.00%(Figure 11).On the question concerning drawing a parallel circuit, the experimental group scored a 66.67% on the pre-quiz and a 77.78% on the post-quiz question (Figure 12).The control group performed worse on the post-quiz question concerning drawing a parallel circuit than on the pre-quiz concerning the same type of question.The control group went from a 62.50% to a 75.00% average on the question (Figure 13).This shows that the lesson allowed for improvement on the series and parallel questions for both groups.The online platform allowed for the students to better comprehend how to draw parallel and series diagrams than they were able to do beforehand.Students were given a survey to find out about the technology from their perspective (Figure 14).
Upon rating their experiences using the system, the experimental group rated how much they enjoyed using the system on a scale of 1-10 with 1 being the least enjoyable and 10 being the most enjoyable.Out of a total of 9 responses, 3 of the students ranked it a 7, 3 of the students ranked it an 8, and 3 of the students ranked it a 9 (Figure 15).This affirmed that the students did find using the online system highly engaging.

Conclusions
At first, the students using the Every Circuit had to get familiar with using the system.The control group students using the paper copies seemed to have a better understanding initially.
However, once the students felt comfortable using the system, they seemed to both understand and enjoy the circuitry lessons more than those using the paper format.An issue in attempting to use Every Circuit arose when students were connecting the circuits.This was addressed by providing a brief explanation on where to click on the screen to connect the circuits.Once addressed, the students were engaged with Every Circuit, especially the ability to virtually turn on a light bulb.This helped the students to know when the circuit did and did not work.The implementation of virtual circuit building through Every Circuit assisted the students in learning the material by further engaging them.As illustrated, a significant amount of students agreed that the technology helped them better understand circuits.They were, overall, more interested in the topic once technology was added.
After the pre-quiz, the college students provided a brief introduction to the topic at hand.One mentor discussed circuits in series, and the other discussed circuits in parallel.This provided valuable teaching experience for both mentors.Additionally, the two college mentors circled the classroom troubleshooting any issues or questions that arose, such as the aforementioned connection tissue.This allowed the mentors one-on-one time with the students and develop a more personal relationship with them.
In assisting students to better understand the concepts, the teacher was able to have more time interacting with the students.The module gave the teacher the ability to focus on answering the student rather than splitting his time between the individual and the entire classroom simultaneously.The teacher and the college mentors were free to go around the classroom to answer any individual question the students might have.Thereby, the teacher was permitted time to address individual needs of students, rather than addressing the entire class.This led to more personalized interactions and maximized the teacher's involvement.Due to the virtual light bulb provided by the Every Circuit, students could correct their own mistakes and self-learn better than those simply attempting it on paper.The light bulb would either not light up, light up, or have too much light enabling students to see if their circuit was running properly.The use of a virtual light bulb also demonstrated the presence of physics in everyday situations; "incorporating elements of everyday life" allowed the UAI students to decompartmentalize their school and home lives.
A crucial challenge in teaching students about circuits is conceptual understanding.By employing Every Circuit, students' proficiency in illustrating circuits is also increased.This illustrates that the students obtained a better conceptual understanding of circuits due to the addition of technology.This work is in agreement with the previous studies of employing touch-screen technology.

Program Outcomes
The use of technology in the high school setting of UAI proved to be beneficial for all.Every Circuit was simple for the students and teacher to use and readily incorporated into the classroom.There was an overall improvement of understanding by the students in regards to how to properly make both a series and parallel circuit, directly correlated to their use of the system.The ease of use made a direct impact in helping the students to understand how to build the circuits.Based on the quiz performance and survey assessments, the students took an interest in using the system while also improving their knowledge of how a circuit works.The system permitted the teacher to further his relationship one-on-one with students, and the implementation of the technology allowed college mentors to sample teaching a lesson.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.The Every Circuit home page for the online module used by the students

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Pre-quiz given to the students before beginning

Figure 8 .
Figure 8.The overall averages for both the control and experimental group for the pre-quizzes

Figure 10 .
Figure 10.The overall averages for the question for drawing a series circuit for the experimental group

Figure 14 .
Figure 14.Surveys given to the students after the post-quiz was completed